In this week's homework we will apply our insights about harmonic oscillations. The relevant material to survey is chapter 5 of Taylor. See also the slides from week 11.
We have also added an exercise (exercise 2) related to our discussion of two-body problems. The relevant reading background for exercise 2 is given by sections 8.1-8.2 of Taylor.
Relevant reading here is Taylor chapter 5 and the lecture notes on oscillations from week 11.
The angular equation of motion of the pendulum is given by Newton's equation and with no external force it reads
$$ \begin{equation} ml\frac{d^2\theta}{dt^2}+mgsin(\theta)=0, \label{_auto1} \end{equation} $$with an angular velocity and acceleration given by
$$ \begin{equation} v=l\frac{d\theta}{dt}, \label{_auto2} \end{equation} $$and
$$ \begin{equation} a=l\frac{d^2\theta}{dt^2}. \label{_auto3} \end{equation} $$We do however expect that the motion will gradually come to an end due a viscous drag torque acting on the pendulum. In the presence of the drag, the above equation becomes
$$ \begin{equation} ml\frac{d^2\theta}{dt^2}+\nu\frac{d\theta}{dt} +mgsin(\theta)=0, \label{eq:pend1} \end{equation} $$where \( \nu \) is now a positive constant parameterizing the viscosity of the medium in question. In order to maintain the motion against viscosity, it is necessary to add some external driving force. We choose here a periodic driving force. The last equation becomes then
$$ \begin{equation} ml\frac{d^2\theta}{dt^2}+\nu\frac{d\theta}{dt} +mgsin(\theta)=Asin(\omega t), \label{eq:pend2} \end{equation} $$with \( A \) and \( \omega \) two constants representing the amplitude and the angular frequency respectively. The latter is called the driving frequency.
Rewrite Eqs. \eqref{eq:pend1} and \eqref{eq:pend2} as dimensionless equations in time.
Write then a code which solves Eq. \eqref{eq:pend1} using the Euler-Cromer method or for example the fourth-order Runge Kutta method. Perform calculations for at least ten periods with \( N=100 \), \( N=1000 \) and \( N=10000 \) integration points/discretization points in time (such points are often called mesh points) and values of \( \nu = 1 \), \( \nu = 5 \) and \( \nu =10 \). Set \( l=1.0 \) m, \( g=1 \) m/s$^2$ and \( m=1 \) kg. Choose as initial conditions \( \theta(0) = 0.2 \) (radians) and \( v(0) = 0 \) (radians/s). Make plots of \( \theta \) (in radians) as function of time and phase space plots of \( \theta \) versus the velocity \( v \). Check the stability of your results as functions of time and number of discretization/mesh points. Which case corresponds to damped, underdamped and overdamped oscillatory motion? Comment your results.
Now we switch to Eq. \eqref{eq:pend2} for the rest of the exercise. Add an external driving force and set \( l=g=1 \), \( m=1 \), \( \nu = 1/2 \) and \( \omega = 2/3 \). Choose as initial conditions \( \theta(0) = 0.2 \) and \( v(0) = 0 \) and \( A=0.5 \) and \( A=1.2 \). Make plots of \( \theta \) (in radians) as function of time for at least 300 periods and phase space plots of \( \theta \) versus the velocity \( v \). Choose an appropriate time step. Comment and explain the results for the different values of \( A \).
Keep now the constants from the previous exercise fixed but set now \( A=1.35 \), \( A=1.44 \) and \( A=1.465 \). Plot \( \theta \) (in radians) as function of time for at least 300 periods for these values of \( A \) and comment your results.
We want to analyse further these results by making phase space plots of \( \theta \) versus the velocity \( v \) using only the points where we have \( \omega t=2n\pi \) where \( n \) is an integer. These are normally called the drive periods. This is an example of what is called a Poincare section and is a very useful way to plot and analyze the behavior of a dynamical system. Comment your results.
We define the two-body center-of-mass coordinate and relative coordinate by expressing the trajectories for \( \boldsymbol{r}_1 \) and \( \boldsymbol{r}_2 \) into the center-of-mass coordinate \( \boldsymbol{R}_{\rm cm} \)
$$ \boldsymbol{R}_{\rm cm}\equiv\frac{m_1\boldsymbol{r}_1+m_2\boldsymbol{r}_2}{m_1+m_2}, $$and the relative coordinate
$$ \boldsymbol{r}\equiv\boldsymbol{r}_1-\boldsymbol{r_2}. $$Here, we assume the two particles interact only with one another, so \( \boldsymbol{F}_{12}=-\boldsymbol{F}_{21} \) (where \( \boldsymbol{F}_{ij} \) is the force on \( i \) due to \( j \).
The first expression simply states that the center of mass coordinate \( \boldsymbol{R}_{\rm cm} \) moves at a fixed velocity. The second expression can be rewritten in terms of the reduced mass \( \mu \).
The following gives you an opportunity to earn five extra credit points on each of the remaining homeworks and ten extra credit points on the midterms and finals. This assignment also covers an aspect of the scientific process that is not taught in most undergraduate programs: scientific writing. Writing scientific reports is how scientist communicate their results to the rest of the field. Knowing how to assemble a well written scientific report will greatly benefit you in you upper level classes, in graduate school, and in the work place.
The full information on extra credits is found at https://github.com/mhjensen/Physics321/blob/master/doc/Homeworks/ExtraCredits/. There you will also find examples on how to write a scientific article. Below you can also find a description on how to gain extra credits by attending scientific talks.
This assignment allows you to gain extra credit points by practicing your scientific writing. For each of the remaining homeworks you can submit the specified section of a scientific report (written about the numerical aspect of the homework) for five extra credit points on the assignment. For the two midterms and the final, submitting a full scientific report covering the numerical analysis problem will be worth ten extra points. For credit the grader must be able to tell that you put effort into the assignment (i.e. well written, well formatted, etc.). If you are unfamiliar with writing scientific reports, see the information here
The following table explains what aspect of a scientific report is due with which homework. You can submit the assignment in any format you like, in the same document as your homework, or in a different one. Remember to cite any external references you use and include a reference list. There are no length requirements, but make sure what you turn in is complete and through. If you have any questions, please contact Julie Butler at butler@frib.msu.edu.
| HW/Project | Due Date | Extra Credit Assignment |
|---|---|---|
| HW 3 | 2-8 | Abstract |
| HW 4 | 2-15 | Introduction |
| HW 5 | 2-22 | Methods |
| HW 6 | 3-1 | Results and Discussion |
| Midterm 1 | 3-12 | Full Written Report |
| HW 7 | 3-22 | Abstract |
| HW 8 | 3-29 | Introduction |
| HW 9 | 4-5 | Results and Discussion |
| Midterm 2 | 4-16 | Full Written Report |
| HW 10 | 4-26 | Abstract |
| Final | 4-30 | Full Written Report |
You can also gain extra credits if you attend scientific talks. This is described here.
This opportunity will allow you to earn up to 5 extra credit points on a Homework per week. These points can push you above 100% or help make up for missed exercises. In order to earn all points you must:
Approved talks: Talks given by researchers through the following clubs:
If you have any questions please consult Jeremy Rebenstock, rebensto@msu.edu.
All the material on extra credits is at https://github.com/mhjensen/Physics321/blob/master/doc/Homeworks/ExtraCredits/.